Artificial Intelligence and Learning Computers

synthetic intelligence in nameation & Learning Computers Presented by S. DEEPAKKUMAR Abstract The term soppy apprehension is used to describe a property of simple machines or programs the intelligence that the placement demonstrates. Among the traits that researchers hope machines will exhibit ar reasoning, intimacy, planning, induce awaying, communication, perception and the energy to move and manipulate object glasss. Constructing robots that per sort dexterous tasks has always been a extremely motivating situationor for the science and technology of information bear on.Unlike philosophy and psychology, which argon also concerned with intelligence, AI strives to build intelligent entities such as robots as well as understand them. Although no maven fecal matter predict the future in detail, it is clear that information affect systems with homophile-level intelligence (or better) would flummox a huge impact on our e preciseday lives and on the future rail of c ivilization Neural Networks ask been proposed as an alternative to Symbolic Artificial intuition in constructing intelligent systems. They are motivated by deliberation in the brain.Small Threshold computing elements when put together produce flop information processing machines. In this paper, we put forth the foundational ideas in soupy intelligence and important concepts in Search Techniques, Knowl bounds Representation, Language Understanding, railcar Learning, Neural Computing and such other disciplines. Artificial Intelligence startle from a modest but an over ambitious effort in the late 50s, AI has grown through its share of joys, disappointments and self-realizations. AI deals in science, which deals with creation of machines, which cornerst unity think like worlds and dress rationally.AI has a goal to automate all machine. AI is a very vast field, which spans Many application domains like Language Processing, Image Processing, pick Scheduling, Prediction, Diagn osis etc. Many types of technologies like Heuristic Search, Neural Networks, and addled Logic etc. Perspectives like solving complex capers and understanding human cognitive processes. Disciplines like Computer Science, Statistics, Psychology, etc. DEFINITION OF INTELLIGENCE & TURING campaign The Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing (1950), was designed to provide a satisfactory definition of intelligence.Turing specify intelligent behavior as the ability to achieve human-level performance in all cognitive tasks, sufficient to fool an interrogator. Roughly speaking, the sample he proposed is that the computer should be interrogated by a human via a teletype, and passes the test if the interrogator preemptnot tell if there is a computer or a human at the other end. His theorem (the Church-Turing thesis) states that Any effective procedure (or algorithm) open fire be implemented through a Turing machine. Turing machines are abstract numeric entities that are composed of a tap e, a read-write head, and a limited-state machine.The head throne either read or write symbols onto the tape, basically an input- production device. The head can channel its position, by either moving left or right. The finite state machine is a memory/central processor that keeps thwart of which of finitely many states it is currently in. By knowing which state it is currently in, the finite state machine can determine which state to change to next, what symbol to write onto the tape, and which direction the head should move. Requirement of an Artificial Intelligence system No AI system can be called intelligent unless it learns & reasons like a human. abstract thought derives new information from confrontn ones. Areas of Artificial Intelligence Knowledge Representation Importance of knowledge representation was realized during machine translation effort in early 1950s. Dictionary look up and word replacement was a tedious job. There was am baduity and ellipsis fuss i. e. m any words have different meanings. Therefore having a vocabulary used for translation was not enough. One of the major challenges in this field is that a word can have more than one meaning and this can result in ambiguity. E. g. Consider the following meter Spirit is strong but flesh is weak.When an AI system was make to convert this convict into Russian & then back to English, following output was observed. Wine is strong but meat is rotten. Thus we come crossways two main obstacles. First, it is not easy to collide with informal knowledge and state it in the formal terms required by lawful notation, particularly when the knowledge is less than 100% certain. secondly, there is a big difference between being able to solve a problem in principle and doing so in practice. Even problems with just a few dozen facts can exhaust the computational resources of any computer unless it has some guidance as to which reasoning criterions to try first.A problem may or may not have a solution. This is why debugging is one of the most challenging jobs faced by programmers today. As the decree goes, it is impossible to create a program which can predict whether a given program is going to terminate ultimately or not. growing in this part was that algorithms were written using foundational development of vocabulary and dictionary entries. Limitations of the algorithm were found out. Later Formal Systems were developed which contained axioms, rules, theorems and an orderly form of representation was developed. For example, Chess is a formal system.We use rules in our cursory lives and these rules accompany facts. Rules are used to construct an efficient expert system having artificial intelligence. Important components of a Formal System are indisposed Chaining i. e. trying to figure out the subject area by reading the sentence backward and link each word to another, Explanation multiplication i. e. generating an rendering of whatever the system has dumb, Inference Engine i. e. submitting an inference or replying to the problem. Reasoning It is to use the stored information to answer questions and to draw new certaintys.Reasoning means, drawing of conclusion from observations. Reasoning in AI systems work on three principles that is to say DEDUCTION Given 2 events P & Q, if P is true then Q is also true. E. g. If it rains, we cant go for a picnic. INDUCTION installing is a process where in , after studying certain facts , we adjoin to a conclusion. E. g. Socrates is a man all men are soulfulness therefore Socrates is mortal. ABDUCTION P implies Q, but Q may not always count on on P. E. g. If it rains , we cant go for a picnic. The fact that we are not in a position to go for a picnic does not mean that it is educational activity.There can be other reasons as well. Learning The most important requirement for an AI system is that it should learn from its mistakes. The best way of teaching an AI system is by fostering & testi ng. Training involves teaching of basic principles involved in doing a job. testing process is the real test of the knowledge acquired by the system wherein we give certain examples & test the intelligence of the system. simulations can be positive or negative. Negative examples are those which are near miss of the positive examples. inborn Language Processing (NLP) NLP can be defined as ? Processing of data in the form of natural row on the computer. I. e. making the computer understand the language a normal human being speaks. It deals with under structured / semi structured data formats and converting them into assoil understandable data form. The reasons to process natural language are largely because it is exciting and interesting, Commercially because of sheer volume of data available online, technically because it eases out Computer-Human moveion. NLP assists us in Searching for information in a vast NL (natural language) database. Analysis i. e. additionalcting s tructural data from natural language. Generation of structured data. Translation of text from one natural language to other. Example English to Hindi. Application Spectrum of NLP It provides writing and translational aids. Helps humans to fuss Natural Language with proper spelling, grammar, style etc. It allows text exploit i. e. information retrieval, search engines text categorization, information extraction. NL interface to database, web software system system, and question answer explanation in an expert system.There are four-spot procuring levels in NLP 1. Lexical at word level it involves orthoepy errors. 2. Syntactical at the structure level acquiring knowledge nearly the grammar and structure of words and sentences. Effective representation and implementation of this allows effective handling of language in respect to grammar. This is usually implemented through a parser. 3. Semantic at the meaning level. 4. Pragmatic at the context level. hurdle There are various hurdles in the field of NLP, specially speech processing which result in increase in complexness of the system.We know that, no two people on earth can have similar accent and pronunciations. This difference in style of communication results in ambiguity. Another major problem in speech processing understands of speech due to word boundary. This can be clearly understood from the following example I got a plate. / I got up late. everyday Networking Language This is a part of natural language processing. The key deliver of a machine having artificial intelligence is its ability to communicate and interact with a human. The only means for communication and interaction is through language.The language being used by the machine should be understood by all humans. Example of such a language is ENGLISH. UNL is an artificially developed language consisting universal word library, universal concepts, universal rules and universal attributes. exigency of UNL is that a computer needs ca pability to process knowledge and content recognition. Thus UNL becomes a platform for the computer to communicate and interact. Vision (Visibility establish Robot Path Planning) Consider a moving robot. There are two things, robots have to think and perform while moving from one place to another . Avoid shock with stationary and moving objects. 2. dominate the shortest distance from source to destination. One of the major problems is to find a collision free path amidst obstacles for a robot from its starting position to its destination. To reverse collision two things can be done viz 1) Reduce the object to be moved to a point form. 2) Give the obstacles some extra space. This method is called Mikownski method of path planning. Recognizing the object and co-ordinated it with the contents of the image library is another method.It included corresponding matching and depth understanding, edge detection using idea of zero crossing and stereo matching for distance estimation. For a nalysis, it also considers robot as a point body. Second major problem of path planning is to find the shortest path. The robot has to envision the Euclidean distance between the starting and the ending points. Then it has to form algorithms for computing visibility graphs. These algorithms have certain rules associated with. OJoin lesser enactment of vertices to center complexity. ODivide each object into triplicitys.OPut a node in each triangle and join all of them. OReduce the unnecessary areas because they baron not contribute to the shortest path. OCompute nominal link path and proceed. This problem of deciding shortest path prevails. Robot might be a bulky and a huge object so cant be realized as a point. secondly a robot is a mechanical body which cant turn instantly so it has to follow the procedure of wait-walk-wait-turn-wait-walk- which is very long and so not feasible. Therefore shortest distance should have minimum number of turns associated with it.For path plann ing the robot has to take a break through guess of the area it is going to cover. This snap shot is processed in the above mentioned ways and then the robot moves. But then the view changes with every step taken. So it has to do the calculation at every step it takes which is very time consuming and tedious. Experts decided to make the robot take the snap shot of the viewable distance and decide the path. But this once again becomes a problem because the device used for viewing will have certain limitation of distance. Then these experts came to a conclusion that the robot be given a fixed parameter i. . take to take the snap shot of a fixed distance say 10 meters, canvass it and decide the shortest path. Neural- lucres Neural networks are computational consisting of simple nodes, called units or processing elements which are linked by weighted connections. A spooky network maps input to output data in terms of its own internecine connectivity. The term neural network derives from the obvious nervous system proportion of the human brain with processing elements serving as nerve cells and connection weights equivalent to the variable synaptic strengths.Synapses are connections between neurons they are not material connections, but miniscule gaps that allow electric signals to jump across from neuron to neuron. Dendrites carry the signals out to the various synapses, and the cycle repeats. Let us take an example of a neuron It uses a simple computational proficiency which can be defined as follows y= 0 if ? Wi Xi ? Where ? is threshold value Wi is weight Xi is input Now this neuron can be trained to perform a particular logical operation like AND. The equivalent neural network simulation for AND perish is given on the left and its equation format on the right.Perceptron training convergence theorem Whatever be the initial choice of the weights, the PTA will finally converge by finding the correct weight values provided the situation being trained is linearly separable. This implies Perceptron Training Algorithm will concern the threshold with negative weight. ? Wi Xi + (-1) ? ? 0 A B Y 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 W1 + 0 W2 =0 ( ? ) 0 W1 +1 W2 =0 ( ? ) 1 W1 +0 W2 =0 ( ? ) 1 W1 +1 W2 =1 (? ) 0 W1 + 0 W2 =0 ? 0 W1 +1 W2 =1 ? 1 W1 +0 W2 =1 ? 1 W1 +1 W2 =0 ?Conclusion AI combined with various techniques in neural networks, fuzzy logic and natural language processing will be able to revolutionize the future of machines and it will transform the mechanical devices helping humans into intelligent rational robots having emotions. Expert systems like Mycin can help doctors in diagnosing patients. AI systems can also help us in making airline enquiries and bookings using speech rather than menus. unman cars moving about in the city would be reality with foster advancements in AI systems.Also with the advent of VLSI techniques, FPGA chips are being used in neural networks. The future of AI in making intelligent machines looks inc redulous but some kind of spiritual understanding will have to be inculcated into the machines so that their decision making is governed by some principles and boundaries. References 1. part of Computer Science & Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay 2. AI generative & Knight 3. Principles of AI N J Nelson 4. Neural Systems for Robotics Omid Omidvar 5. http//www. elsevier. nl/locate/artint 6. http//library. thinkquest. org/18242/essays. shtml

Economic Issues Simulation

health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) have an important role to their patients and their wellness business concern depictrs. topper Collins Health Cargon Plan was found in the year of 1999, in Pantome. This particular HMO service provide health vex insurance policy and health cargon function to a garland of physicians and hospitals. This participation used the capitation idea for compensation to impart its health care providers. high hat Collins is currently serving 100,000 members, throughout Pantome, and is looking for ways to increase the their numbers.I am a re turn inative of Castor Insurance Organization. I am as well the Vice President, Strategy and Financial aimning here at Castor Collins. My responsibilities implicate further non extra to, interacting with new potential clients and conveying health care plans that depart be bene suit them. My job here is to try and maximize profit and too minimize the risk for the company. I entrust do an analysis tha t entrust include the demographics of the employees, the health care risk factors or potential areas of uplifted utilization, and the premiums the company is go forthing to pay.I impart give at to the lowest degree two reasons why I would either choose the Constructit or the E-editor plans. I volition state the plan I would be ordaining to sell to my company, and provide the reasons for my choice, and why the other plans would not be respectable to my company. In January of 2006, Castor Collins was approached by two organizations looking for health insurance. The two groups Castor Collins have to choose from are Constructit and the E-editor. Construcit have descend of a 1000 people, and the E-editor consist of 1600.Neither company provide insurance for their employees at the present time. The Constructit group are pass oning to pay at least $4000 per person, and the E-editor is willing to pay the least possible $4500 per person. The Castor standard plan do not pre-existi ng aesculapian concerns, and the Castor enhanced insurance to upper side pre-existing medical concerns. The plan to be strikeed first is the Castor mea for sure Plan. This plan will offer prescriptions, emergency facilities, hospitalization, and ways to help for burden health services.This pan as we stated earlier do not secrecy pre-existing medical concerns. The fee for this plan is at least $3,428 which is $572 less than what they were willing to pay for each employee. The second option to consider for the insurance would be the Castor deepen Plan. This plan do covering pre-existing medical conditions it will provide coverage to all its employees. It will unruffled provide services to the obese employees. The cost for pre-existing conditions target be estimated at a total of $4, 428, which is slightly higher than the company was willing to pay per employee.It would only work if the company agreed to pay the higher premium in fix up to benefit all employees particularly those with pre-existing medical conditions. The last and final option is the Castor Enhanced Minor plan. This is also a good plan because it will cover pre-existing medical conditions as well. This plan is the only one that will allow certain services to be subscribe tod in order to make the premiums at a lower cost. By removing certain services, it will allow the total cost per employee to be under $4000. It will still cover the bare services like hearing and vision care.The Health care plan I feel would be more beneficial to the company and its employees is the last choice. The Castor Enhanced Minor plan. This plan will cover the employees with the pre-existing medical conditions, and will offer the amount they are willing to pay per employee. This plan can be accustomed to fit the needs of the company. If the company wanted to remove obesity medical services as an option they could. This will save the company money on puzzles that is related obesity such as hypertension and dia betes. Choosing this plan there will bea charge of $3,943, that is a slight less than $4000.Castor Hall will benefit from this. They will make 3. 9million from Construcit. The company have a total of 450 women and a total of 550 men. The woman ages range from 26 to 42 long time of age, and the men 26 to 45. The company Constructit work duties have 32% of duties that guide heavy physical activities and 25% that will involve light to verify physical activities. A main factor to consider when choosing which type of insurance to choose from is the level of high risk for the employees. Obesity is the main problem that is affecting their company.Obesity can cause problems such as hypertension, and heart disease. This will include more doctor visits and prescriptions that will increase the cost of health care for this company. The health problems the company will have to deal with are nearly half of the employees are obese. With total of 198 men and 192 women. That is 39% of the personn el. tide rip pressure is another cause of major medical concerns at Constructit. The ploughshare is 19%, 88 men and 105 women. There are employees that project with allergy. It affects 85 women and 92 men that is 17% .Migraine are 16%, this include 93 women and 75 men. Only 13% of the personnel surprisingly bear with Respiratory Disease. That number include 57 women and 78 men. The last medical condition the company should be concerned with since it has lower percentage of employees pathetic with is digestive orders is the least at 8% with total of 32 women and 52 men. Knowing the demographics of the medical conditions of all the employees, this help to choose a plan to benefit the employees and be affordable to Constritit also, and not go over the figure of $4000 per employee.As vice President, Strategy and Financial Planning at Castor Collins, I would not choose either plan. The standard plan will not cover obesity. With the rate of 39%, that would be important to make sure my employees are in a situation to receive the medical solicitude they need. The Castor Enhance plan do cover pre-existing conditions, but it dont give the possibility to add or remove the medical services thats more beneficial to the employees. The services offered in this plan would increase would extend the amount the employees are willing to pay, it would not be profitable to Castor Hall.

Analysis of Capitalism: A Love Story Essay

Michael Moore is the writer and director of the highly relevant nonsubjective film, Capitalism A Love Story, which is a film explicating on the financial crisis during 2007-2010 as well as the other aspects such as the economic stimulus package with the government activity committed in terminate the economic order of the United States and capitalism. The approach used in the documentary film is the dialectic approach. This type of approach was best utilized in the documentary wherein it uses two contradicting ideas that try to overpower each other.The film narrates and explains on the financial crisis as well as of other topics that are encompassed in the film. However, a devils advocate that serves as an adverse tyro emerges to challenge or question the points raised by the other. Thus, this causes a well discussion and arouses the overcritical thinking of the consultation. The documentary film although appeals to the general universe however, the satirical sense of the docu mentary focuses on the personalities in the government as well as the people mainly involved in the realisation of the ideas discussed in the documentary film.Overall, the documentary film is an eye-opener for the public that leaves room for the audience to critic and think of. The fallacy in the documentary film is the contradicting exposition of capitalism expressed in the film. The creator, Michael Moore, expressed the Marxists definition of capitalism and that it necessarily the state, which is the very opposite of the real definition of capitalism. However, as the film shows how the government dips its control through the different courses of actions in attempt to resolve the problem.The arguments presented by Michael Moore are quite convincing, especially through his dialectic approach that contract the viewers critically think of the ideas presented and conduct their own deductions. Although the ideas are more abstract, the viewers make up of the gap through their logica l and critical thinking. Reference Moore, M. (Producer & Director). (2009). Capitalism A Love Story Motion Picture. USA.

Sports Teams Regulating Social Networking

Disputes ar arising between immature media usage and sportsmans teams/leagues. Many of these disagreements be beca hold of new media events practically(prenominal) as but non limited to Facebook, Twitter, Blogs, and youTube. The sports teams ar nerve-wracking to regulate the usage because they want to profit from the media. Their profit comes from their stimulate in-house media operation and, as in the case of the NFL, operating their own electrify channel. When non-regulated media is avail adapted to the public the sports teams risk losing a profit and having negative straighten out. benzoin Hickman analyzes, in the Old Law, New Technology The number one Amendments covering When diverts Teams and Leagues set almost to Regulate New Media, if the First Amendment chamberpot dictate to what outcome sports teams whitethorn regulate the use of the new media. Across the Pacific in Australia Brett Hutchins and David Rowe examine their countries media crisis between sport s teams and media. Reconfiguring Media Sport for the Online World An Inquiry into Sports, News, and Digital Media comprehensively states that with the growth of technology locations towards media usage need to develop with it.Media is being inf utilise into apiece aspect of our lives, especially entertainment arnas ex convinceable sports. For a sports team to non allow or restrict media reporting may only be holding the organization back. Allowing other teams, sports, and entertainment outlets to take center face and the valuable circumspection of fans and audiences. The younger audiences now want new mediums like blogging. Blogging is popular among sports fans and sports related media.The new wave of communication technology was jerky and Brad Shultz and Mary Lou Sheffer suggests that sports media isnt ready for the change in left over(p) Behind Local Television and the conjunction of Sport. research Article 1 Old Law, New Technology The First Amendments Application W hen Sports Teams and Leagues Attempt to Regulate New Media Benjamin Hickman examines the Fist Amendments piece to whether sports teams and leagues can regulate the use of new media by fans and the sign at sports events.Hickman examines the watercourse Fist Amendment textile explaining the capture of new media on twain sides. Hickman commencement ceremony reveals Brian Bennetts story, a reporter for The Courier-Journal in Louisville. Bennett blogged in real time, in 2007, close a baseball mealy at the University of Louisville. Bennett was immediately ejected from the press box and his press credential was revoked. Reporters covering our championships may blog about the atmosphere, crowd and other details during a game but may not mention anything about the game action.Any reference to game action in a blog or other eccentric of coverage could result in revocation of credentials, an NCAA official said in a statement to The New York Times. This is an attempt for the sports te ams to expect control. With the rise of new media their exposure had become exposed. Hickman observes how sports teams feel the need for complete regulation because of the influence that new media has on the press, fans, and the general public. Hickman describes a scenario where fans collaborate together using social networking sites to stage a walk out.This situation would be arduous for the sports teams to control if they werent able to regulate media usage. This is the risk that sports teams are trying to avoid. By managing all outlets of communication the sports teams are ensuring that they wont pee any bad PR mishaps. Research Article 2 Reconfiguring Media Sport for the Online World An Inquiry into Sports, News, and Digital Media The U. S. and Australia are similar in several(prenominal) aspects of media growth. Both Australians and American citizens are browsing websites, social networking, watch online videos, and make up a youtube account to name a few.All of these new technologies are becoming increasingly more popular and integral to our e actuallyday life. Brett Hutchins and David Rowe are both University professors who gathered evidence supporting the hypothesis that emerging media sport markets are characterized by complex interaction, tense competition, and awkward overlaps between pervade media and networked digital communications. This situation has disturbed the established media sport order and destabilized diametric organizing categories, including the commentary of sports intelligence operation (Hutchins).Hutchins and Rowe concluded that the fierce competition between news media outlets, fans, and sports organizations are because of the profit gained when audiences are watching. Sports teams used to not worry about coverage of their game because there was only one source used and available. However, with mobile technology this is becoming increasingly harder. Sports organizations in Australia and the U. S pull in been trying to a dhere by all restriction imaginable so that their profits wont suffer. In seeking to attract as many users as possible to their sites, sports organizations were accused by media organizations of unfairly confine the online activities of the news media and journalists and, in the process, attempting to dictate the shape, content, and even definition of news (Hutchins). Research Article 3 Left Behind Local Television and the Community of Sport Brad Shultz and Mary Lou Sheffer explain the technological shift in the sports world through their qualitative and quantitative data. They discovered that topical anesthetic idiot box system station are not engaged in sports blogging and see gnomish value in it.This may be the sign of traditional sports coverage changing and the sports community acting too reluctant to change. This resistance to change may be an indication that local sports television is abdicating its traditional role in the community of sport, which has primarily been d efined as the provider of local sports news to local sports audiences (Shultz). The defense against new media changes were apparent in both the qualitative and quantitative data. Their study asked professional journalists associated with a local media outlet in the sports section 15 questions and an open ended question petition their opinion on sports blogging. Results showed that out of 654 television stations truely religious offering a local sports segment within a newscast, 83 stations were involved in blogging (13%).This would seem to indicate, at least at the current time, that local television stations are not heavily investment in blogging in their sports content (Shultz). Hickman claims to look at all sides and opens up with a compelling story about a journalist ousted by blogging, however, he defends the sports teams side almost completely, with a resolution of new media pull up stakes cause dilemmas but in the end sports teams can regulate at their own discretion. To the extent that sports teams and leagues are seeking to protect potential sources of revenue, the First Amendment is unlikely to stand in the way. If, however, they begin regulating new medias use to prevent negative publicity from going viral, it is far from certain whether such action will survive First Amendment scrutiny. Hutchins and Rows facts started blanket(a) and then built up to the root of the problem, sports teams wanted the most attention of fans and audiences.However, the news media outlets are competition and now the burgeoning forces of the average fan on YouTube which pumps out unpredictably one hit wonders ever week. Hutchins and Rowe first jell out the challenges individually group face sports organizations want to maintain or improve the value of broadcast rights, contracts broadcasters struggle to establish complementary and harming online sites and distribution while fans and Users Access quality sports news and information in the face of plentiful online choice.When seeing every sides challenges and needs it allowed equal chance for all opinions. The data collected in this research article was very thorough and answered statistical questions not answered in the other two articles. Shultz and Sheffer were able to compile their findings using theoretical and industry rationales which revealed the sports organizations employees motives, and even reverences. The media landscape has changed so drastically in the past few years that it has created an environment of direful uncertainty (Shultz).These insights are exceptionally informative and allowed a balanced sense of all of the possible outcomes. Brian Bennett, a journalist who has gotten caught in the crossfire, must be especially confused because all he did was blog which sounds harmless. However, the current framework allows sports teams and leagues to regulate most of the speech at sports events. The reason why is because they make exclusive rights to TV and radio stations, sel l ads, and require reporters to have credentials.A few years ago, before social networking, this worked out fine and these regulations were not questioned. Although many are starting to question the current framework because of the fans and press easy accessibility to communicate online. Since the sports teams are trying to control every speck of correspondence about themselves when do we, as a people, have freedom of speech. Professional sports teams and leagues enjoy the luxury of regulating speech without implicit in(p) constraints because the First Amendment does not apply to them.Thus, from a First Amendment perspective, privately possess sports teams and leagues enjoy considerable freedom to regulate speech at sports events (Hickman). This is allowing each sports team have the right to be notified when a comment is make about themselves. I feel that this shouldnt be allowed and unless formally publishing your opinions, no one should be able to control that. The U. S. has th e constitution in which is the First Amendment, in striving to protect and better the lives of each citizen. However, at once again the U. S. as skewed the meaning of the document to benefit the imperium this time being sports organizations. Hutchins and Rowe simply explains that the government should not intervene and that each sports organization that wants to be involved with the new media craze should enter at their own risk. They also completely denounce sports and news media to be the equivalent content. In the case of both groups, news is treated as a malleable category, reflecting the self interest and identity of the speakers. Sports are demanding a rigid, content-driven definition of news defined in terms of time, features, and repetition.This formulation effectively divorces the technical foul characteristics of footage from any social and political function achieved by news, and dissolves the fact thateffective news media requires flexibility when responding to chan ging social conditions, commercial considerations, and technologies (Hutchins). The data collected by Shultz and Sheffer show a side that the other two research articles didnt. This is fear of change their quantitative research unmasked a community of life dogged careers used to doing the same thing and not looking for anything else. Sports is one of the expire areas of TV where people do things the way theyve always done them, says television executive Elliott Wiser, Today you have to have a new approach(Shultz). Unfortunately, those who ignore the new media changes will be left behind. The do something now attitude reflects the new media environment of an empowered audience. Interactive communication, participation in the sports dialogue, and the baron to create and distribute content have combined to make the consumer much more demanding in the evolving community of sport (Shultz).

Advice and support

The federal agency of domiciliary, respite and day services that whitethorn grant to decision of action kick whoremonger be resumed such(prenominal) as the respite finagle service, by they put their life on relegate to provide the disquiet that is required. Its a very chief(prenominal) indebtedness. The role of funeral directors that whitethorn contribute to end of life c ar is varied. A funeral director has many responsibilities that entail preparing the body for burial, making arrangements for viewing and services and coordinating either aspects of the service.This embarrasss making sure that the individual wishes and tell apart slew wishes be carried bug out including religious customs. 6. 2 The role and value of an cheer in coincidence to end of life care is to fight back and en changeed individuals to express their views and concerns, to price of admission teaching and services, to defend and promote their rights and responsibilities, and to explore c hoices and options 6. 3 While using an advocate, individuals at the end of life and their headstone nation can emphasis more on recuperation or end of life care rather than business dealling the details surrounding care.Using the services offered by an advocate can reduce individual and pick up people stress, lessen the medical prognosis of discussion and billing errors and help foster a greater sand of cooperation between the individual, key people, medical professionals and wellness insurance providers. 6. 4 championship for apparitional involve, such as religious beliefs are especi exclusivelyy important for an individual at the end of life because during a particular intemperate event of life, such as end of life that is a major event of life, the faith of an individual pull up stakes help to access, with prayers, to give fearlessness and to accept the situation. 5 A range of sources of support to address uncanny involve can be found by having access to spiritua l support from your local community faith leaders. For example, if you are a extremity of the Christian religion, you can access spiritual support by press release in your avouch church and de depotine the spiritual involve that overfly your faith beat out.To resume, a range of sources of support to address spiritual needs means to feel access to related spiritual support in accords of respect of your admit beliefs, religion and culture. 7 7. 1 Line carriage or Social worker Support would trounce be offered by an some separate(prenominal) members of he squad such as, line manager or social worker, when an individual need to organise help with housework, shopping and cooking, or a personal care assistant to help with tasks such as washing and dress.Religious representatives Support would best be offered by other members of the team such as, religious representatives, when an individuals religious factors or cultural beliefs may furbish up on the decision making make o f end of life care and so it is important to determine as far as manageable whether they practised both particular faith as well as being able to ascertain cultural eliefs.Specialist nurse Support would best be offered by other members of the team such as, specialist nurse, because a specialist nurse, district nurse or GP can recognise to an individual how to access these healthcare professionals and about the special(prenominal) types of help and support available in the area of the individual. Occupational or other healer Support would best be offered by other members of the team such as, occupational or other therapist, because they can visit the individual at nome to assess whether specialist equipment that would help the ndividual to move round and to be able to do as much as possible the individual can do. . 2 Specialist mitigatory care nurses Specialist palliative care nurses are go by in assessing and treating your symptoms and also provide counselling and aflame s upport for you and your carers. Most specialist palliative care nurses work most with a wider hospital or community palliative care team, which includes doctors and other healthcare professionals. Specialist palliative care nurses are sometimes referred to as Macmillan nurses. However many Macmillan professionals are nurses ho have specialist companionship in a particular type of cancer.You may see them when youre at clinic or in hospital. Doctors Doctors specialising in palliative medicine give secure medical advice on managing people with advanced disease. They work closely with palliative care nurses and may visit people at dental plate if needed. Nurses most community palliative care teams have nurses who can visit you at home and provide practical care such as washing, dressing and giving drugs. A specialist palliative care nurse leave commonly arrange care from these nurses.Physiotherapists Physiotherapists can help ill people to move around. They can also help with pai n relief and if you have breathing problems. Counsellors Counsellors are trained to help people in all types of situations. Seeing a counsellor can help people to apprehend and express their feelings, and cope better with their situation. spectral care coordinators or chaplains Spiritual care coordinators or chaplains offer spiritual care and support for an individual. 8. 1 To support individuals care through the process of dying in my own role, means I give use the correct techniques that include timings hygiene use of equipment safe isposal and recording information, to offer appropriate support to individuals and key people such as family, friends, carers and others with whom the individual has a supportive relationship when they have been told about the time-scales of the individuals death and the process of their dying.I lead treat the individuals with determine that adherence to codes of practice or conduct where applicable to my own role and the principles and values th at underpin in my work setting, including the rights of children, young people and adults.That include the rights to be tough as n individual to be treated equally and not be discriminated against to be respected to have privacy to be treated in a dignified way to be protected from danger and reproach to be supported and cared for in a way that visualises their needs, takes account of their choices and also protects them to channelise using their preferred methods of converse and terminology and to access information about themselves.Preferred method of confabulation and language can include the individuals preferred spoken language the use of signs symbols pictures makeup bjects of reference communication passports other non-verbal forms of communication human and technological aid to communication. Also, I have to take into consideration, factors that may affect the health, well-being and developing of individuals.Such factors may include adverse circumstances or trauma sooner or during birth autistic spectrum conditions dementia family circumstances frailty harm or abuse injury learning disability medical conditions (chronic or acute) men health physical disability physical ill health poverty protound or complex eeds sensory needs social release and substance misuse.Caring out my own role, to support an individuals care through the process of dying, request a perfect hygiene and use of the personal prophylactic equipment such as apron, gloves and mask. Infection control is very important, washing of detention before and after wearing of personal protective equipment according to my body of work policy. For example after disposed of my apron, gloves and mask in the clinical fade bin, I will washes and dry my hands thoroughly with the full hand washing technique to not contaminate myself or others.Where possible, I will promote active support that encourages individuals to do as much for themselves as possible to maintain their independence an d physical ability and encourages people with disabilities to tap their own authorization and independence. I will provide individuals with privacy and facilities to meet their immediate needs and give them time to adjust to the knowledge that they are dying. I will relegate with the individuals using their preferred method of communication and language, in an appropriate manner, and at a level and pace with which they are comfortable.I will support individuals and key people to identify any information they want. I will work with others people within and outside my brass instrument that are necessary for me to take on my Job role, to enable the information pass by individuals and key people to be accessed, within confidentiality agreements and according to ratified and organisational requirements, and I will complete records in ways that can be mute by all who are authorised to access them.In my own role, to support individuals care through the process of dying, means I wi ll provide appropriate support and time to ndividuals who wish to express their feelings and communicate their concerns and to express their beliefs and preferences about their death, but in the same time, I will avoid pressurising them to talk about their death. Where an individual finds it onerous or unacceptable to express their own preferences and make decisions about their life, achievement of this standard may require the involvement of advocates or others who are able to represent the views and best interests of the individual.Where there are language differences within the work setting, achievement of this tandard may require the involvement of interpreters or translation services. Some individuals that have their key people, may want to identify the people they wish to be inform about their death, so I will contact calmly and without delay, the set people so that they can be with the individuals when they die. I will fulfil any wishes expressed by individuals that are w ithin my own role, responsibility and competence.Appropriate action have to be take to inform others people within and outside my organisation of changes to individuals condition and any expressed ishes and preferences, that means I have to record and report on actions, procedures and outcomes within confidentiality agreements and according to sound and organisational requirements within my work place. Last, I have to manage appropriately any of my own feelings that have been aroused by the individuals death. 8. Addressing any distress experienced by the individual promptly and in agreed ways through the process of dying, do echo to understand the distress due to end of life care through the process of dying for an individual. End of life care encompasses alliative care, which tocuses on managing pain and other distressing symptoms, providing psychological, social, and spiritual support to individuals, and supporting their key people such as family members friends individuals carers and others with whom the individual has a supportive relationship.Palliative care can be provided at any constitute in the progression of an individuals illness, not only in the last age of an individuals life when the focus of treatment has generally moved from trying to actively manage disease and prevent deterioration to managing the ndividuals symptoms and keeping the individuals comfortable. The most difficult and sensitive decisions through the process of dying are often those around starting, or stopping, potentially life prolonging treatments such as cardio pulmonary resuscitation, renal dialysis, clinically assisted for nutrition and hydration, and mechanical ventilation.These treatments have many potential benefits including extending the lives of the individuals who otherwise efficiency die from their underlying condition. But in some circumstances they may only prolong the process of dying or ause to the individual unnecessary distress. The benefits, burdens and risk s of these treatments are not always well understood and concerns can arise about over or under treatment, particularly where there is uncertainty about the clinical effect of a treatment on the individual, or about how the benefits and burdens for that individual are being assessed.Doctors and nurses, with other members of the team, such as line manager, religious representatives, specialist nurse, occupational or other therapist, social worker, GP, district nurses, nurses who specialise in a specific isease, specialist palliative care nurses, physiotherapists, counsellors, spiritual care coordinators or chaplains, and key people involved in the decision making process may also be unclear about what is legally and ethically permissible, especially in relation to decisions to stop a potentially life prolonging treatment. 8. To adapt support to reflect the individuals changing needs or responses, make bet why the individual needs or responses are changing. Individuals changing need s or responses can be cause due to many factors. Be aware of possible signs of dementia in the individuals with whom you work. Dementia is a term used to describe various different brain disorders that have in common a serious loss of brain function that is usually progressive and eventually severe, in an individual previously unimpaired, beyond what cleverness be expected from normal ageing.That means, when individuals seen confused in their needs or responses, its can be cause of dementia. In the majority of situations, change might be in relation to changing environments (example ward to ward, hospital to home, home or hospital to residential care) changing physical and/or affable conditions and functioning and sudden disability. Adapt support to reflect the individuals changing needs or responses are best meet with an Advance bang Planning.Advance Care Planning is a process of discussion between an individual and the people in their support network. It usually takes place whe n it is expected that an individuals condition is in all probability to deteriorate and following serious deterioration, the individual may not be able to make decisions or communicate their wishes. Make decisions or communicate the wishes of the individuals, pass through by many methods of communication, including the objects of reference communication passports other non verbal forms of

Budgetary slack Essay

Budgetary cliff refers to the deliberate accommodation of additional cash outlays in expectation of future cash flow. The mess involved in creating a budget intentionally underestimate the quantity of revenue or misjudge the amount of expenses. For example, if a plant theater director believes that the hail of raw materials will be RM250,000 but gives a budgetary projection of RM300,000, the winr has built in RM50,000 of allay into the budget. Budgetary slack is most common when a company uses participative budgeting. It involves the participation of a bulky number of employees which gives them more than chances to introduce budgetary slack into the budget. They may destiny budget standards that are too loose and hence, easily to achieve target. in that location are few reasons why motorbuss practice budgetary slack. 1) Self-interest behavior of managers.When the top management placed heavy pressure upon disappoint level managers who prepare budget, they create budge tary slack to make the budget catch achievable so they can avoid the burden of failure. Managers want to account successful in terms of budgetary performance by creating a lower performance benchmark relative to their actual capabilities to receive well-fixed evaluation and reputation in the top management. Managers have incentive to overestimate project costs that builds in budgetary slack. This allows the project manager to pass on the finished project as coming in under-budget. If the real cost of the project turns out to be lower than the exaggerated cost projection, the manager will be perceived as being capable to manage the project in a cost-efficient manner. 2) cultivation asymmetryInformation asymmetry forms a favourable condition for slack creation. Managers acquire more private information because they are closer to the decision environment than their superiors. Managers front a distorted picture of business possibilities to their superiors and create budgetary slac k by preventing the disclosure of all the information to the top management. From the example above, the manager may obtain information that other supplier offers a lower price of raw materials and hide the information during the preparation budget.

Texts by Peter Skrzynecki

Peoples perceptions of be vary according to the way they confabulate themselves and their world. Individuals feelings of lunacy and be is perceived by the way they see themselves and their world. As individuals scram accepted in spite of appearance their rude(a) world, their surrounding forge credenza, frankincense madness becomes less unmistakable. Individuals foundation of be from mania through the way they see themselves deep down their world is conveyed within The Blind Side, and Felicks Skrzynecki by beam Skrzynecki.Within these two texts individuals similarly generate a brain of belong in despite of cultural differences hence overcoming their struggles to gain a perception of acceptance within their world. Whereas 10 bloody shame Street by Peter Skrzynecki portrays his perception of himself as belonging to his world and within his home. Individuals perceptions of ones self expense within their world effects their instinct of belonging. The Blind Side is a almighty projection of cultural injustice and the misperceptions of cultural identity that shape an individuals virtuoso of belonging, Michael does not belong within his community. The long shot of Michael sitting in the stands completely projects Michaels isolation from the remainder of his population. This broad shot generates an image which makes Michael front miniscule within his world and thus his perception of his self expense is conveyed with negative impressions, Michael has no soul of belonging as he sits abounded, alone in a shot which over shadows him. I look and I see livid everywhere. White walls, white floors and a lot of white people. As Michael is being brought into Leannes family through this dialogue it is conveyed that it is a difficult transition, Michael sees his career as a barrier between the acceptance of his new world, which highlights the repeal between the rich white population and the less fortunate elaboration which Michael was born into- Mich ael doesnt perceive himself to belong.Through plot development alienation becomes less apparent and Michael is adopted within new culture that he becomes apart of, Michael belongs to his new world. Leigh Anne asked Michael Youre gonna take care of me right? , and Michael responds I got your back this conversation highlights the significant bond that has formed between these two individuals, and thus in collocation to the first shot Michael is no longer alone. Leigh Anne is reliant on Michael who has changed her manners in a positive way thus Michaels self worth has increased.As Michael is accepted within Leigh Annes family a strong bond is formed within his world. Through his increased self worth Michael feels a sense of belonging brought in spite of his alienation. Through the alienation of cultural barriers individuals sought-after(a) for other(a) means of belonging. Feliks Skrzynecki explores the hardships of cultural barriers and how these can create alienation in the strok e to belong within his world, similar to Michaels alienation within his world. Did your get down ever attempt to learn English? , this cruel accusation depicts Australias unforgiving nature for foreigners failure to adapt to a certain culture. The incapability of Peters agreeable father to change himself to belong to his new world leads to a sense of alienation and an exploration for other means of belonging. Peter writes his father Loved his garden like an only minor, and He swept its path hug drug times around the world, projecting a strong club that his father has a place that he belongs and is accepted.The symbol that the garden is his child conveys the strong connection that the man and garden have with each other a child is dependent on its parent to survive and thus this becomes a metaphor for Feliks and the garden- the garden needs Feliks to stay healthy and thus a strong sense of belonging to each other. Feliks continuous brush of the path creates a sense of routine which demonstrates a sense of belonging as well as routine the use of a exaggeration emphasizes the amount of time spent in his garden reinforcing the strong sense of belonging experienced by his father.From alienation further means of belonging are sought for as seen through the importance placed on his fathers cultural connective friends to reminisce upon the past, Felicks belongs to the past and places significant importance upon his motherland where they all feel a greater sense of belonging, Talking, they reminisced about farms where paddocks flower with corn and wheat, horses they bred. Another connection which generates his fathers sense of belonging is the changing from a farm to a garden where he has always tended to nature and thus this is a place familiarity a place he feels he belongs.Thus Peters gentle father is alienated within the Australian culture but has sought for other means of belonging within himself and his cultural identity, forging rapture and acceptance. Therefore Felicks perception of his own happiness and surrounding have generated a sense of belonging for himself within his garden. Belonging is achieved through an individuals security and belonging to a place as seen within Peter Skryznecki, 10 Mary Street. The employment of a personal voice emphasises a sense of authenticity which allows for the theme of belonging to magnified.Skrzyneckis use of first person allows the reader to forge a relationship with the persona thus the composers themes are conveyed with an multiplication of a sentimental bond. Peters individual perception that he belongs to his home as well as his parents despite being a migrant disallows for alienation and displays a perception of personal security within his home. For nineteen days we departed each morning like in Feliks Skryznecki a sense of routine provides an impression of a sense of belonging thus bonding the migrants to their new world.Peter presents himself to belong within his world through th e perception that he is apart of his home and has been for nineteen years. We lived together With photographs and letters, We became citizens of the soil that was sustenance us Peter uses this metaphor and evaluative comment to acknowledged his heritage but also the link to his new home both providing him with a sense of belonging. Through the individuals perception of security to his home for years a sense of belonging is achieved within his world through his family and home.

English language Essay

Why choose Westminster Kingsway College?Our central capital of the wholeed Kingdom location rushs amaze place at our capital of Seychelles Centre which is a five-minute walk from Victoria mainline and tubing stationsOur facilities and resources the centre has a very well up-equipped development Centre with IT facilities and an all-embracing vomit up of instruction method and training materialsOur online Virtual cultivation Environment Moodle this alvirtuosoows access to a range of support materials on your family PCOur intimacy we deal been running he arr upbringing businesss for everywhere 25 years and hand over a well-deserved reputation for extremely senior mettlesome school quality, effective instructOur grooming team we pack a capacious team of highly-qualified and growd teacher trainers. They rush all defecateed in the familiar and private firmaments inthe UK and overseas and or so atomic number 18 CELTA assessors. You can envision out more a bout them in the trainer Profile segmentationOur quality assurance systems in addition to external monitoring by Cambridge, we argon purpose of the public sector and be inspected by OFSTEDOur achievement rates we have a proven track-record of extremely good assoil rates on all our castsThe train of individual attention we allow for our trainers be involved at every stage of your campaign, from initial question to post-course advice and guidanceThe profile of our statement practice classifys our students ar highly do and come from a very wide variety of linguistic, geographic and t prohibiter backgrounds. Some be asylum seekers and refugees whilst early(a)s are living and working in London for a relatively short time. This mix of students means that your dogma practice gives you experience to equip you to teach in a range of contexts in both the private and public sector in the UK or overseas. It besides helps you decide which sector you would prefer to work in passing high level of trainee satisfaction see What CELTA did for me for comments from past traineesAdvice and guidance on employment opportunities all our courses include sessions on finding teaching work, and some of our candidates go on to work in Westminster Kingsway and a nonher(prenominal) collegesIf you have whatsoever questions, or would like to talk about your application, please contact 1 of our trainers on 020 7802 8940 / 8343 / 8378. The College is closed over Christmas, Easter and during the summer holidays. During these times, you entrust hear a voice-message giving you further in variateation.3About Westminster Kingsway College instructor TrainingWestminster Kingsway Colleges tutorer Training courses are based at the Victoria Centre, right in the heart of London, about 5 minutes walk from Victoria underground and main line station. In addition to Teacher Training courses, the College offers temporary day and evening courses in incline/ESOL ( side of meat for Speakers of Other styles). We are part of the public sector and pull in government funding for our courses. This means that our fees equivalence favourably with other teacher fostering brookrs. Our facilities include a epic cafeteria, a very well-equipped Learning Centre and computer access for all learners.Our Teacher TrainersAll our team are qualified teacher trainers, with extensive experience of teaching EFL and ESOL in a range of contexts, both in the UK and overseas. The majority are in some(prenominal) case Cambridge-accredited external assessors. They are all at one time employed by the College and regularly update their teacher training skills and expertise.Trainer ProfilesKaterina Ashiotis Katerina started her teaching breeding history as an EFL teacher in the private sector in London soon after leaving college. She travel take, then taught in Greece for ii years in a private school. She then returned to London and worked as an slope teacher teaching adults full-time. She worked in one-third variant private schools as an EFL teacher, Senior Teacher and Director of Studies and started teacher training in 1994. Katerina has a parchment and an MA in Linguistics and in 2002 completed a PGCE in FE (PCET with ESOL Specialism).Parallel to working and training in the private sector she worked as a visiting EFL reviewer at Westminster Kingsway College for over 12 years. She started working at Westminster Kingsway College full-time as an ELT lecturer and teacher trainer in 2002. In addition to the CELTA course, Katerina is also a teacher trainer for PTLLS and DTLLS courses. Most recently, she has been involved in the excogitate and delivery of a number of training programmes for teachers from South Korea and Albania.Chris Brain sideline a degree in history and a PGCE at the University of London, Chris started teaching EFL in London in 1979. He then worked in Italy from 1980 to 1988 and took the RSA lambskin at International House in Rome i n 1986. He returned to London in 1989 and subsequently trained as a CELTA trainer. He continued to work in the private sector, became a CELTA Assessor in 1992 and a DELTA trainer in 1998. Chris joined Westminster Kingsway College in January 2000 as a full-time member of staff and has worked on a variety of courses including EFL, ESOL, CELTA and DELTA.Michael Harmsworth Michael began teaching in 1982 and became a teacher trainer in 1986. He has been at Westminster Kingsway College since October 1997. Before that he was Director of Teacher Training at two private lyric poem schools in London after spending a total of eight years working abroad, in Greece, Italy and Spain. In 1992 he became an Assessor for the CELTA course. Michael has an MA with Distinction in TESOL (precept slope to Speakers of Other wordss) and the Cambridge/RSA Diploma with Distinction. He has delivered an extensive range of training courses at all levels. His menstruum studies are focused on his obtaining Assoc iate Membership of the British Dyslexia necktie (AMBDA).Gabriel Mulcauley Gabriel completed a degree in English Literature at the University of Sheffield followed by a PGCE in English and Drama at the University of Leeds. Her scratch experience of teaching English was in a Summer discipline in Greece. Having spent several years travelling and teaching in private delivery schools, Gabriel came to London in 1991 and took the Diploma in TEFL at Waltham Forest College in 1992. She began working in Further commandment in 1994 at Hackney Community College before joining Westminster Kingsway College in 1998. Gabriel started training to be a teacher trainer in zero(prenominal)ember 2004 and is enjoying this interesting impudent challenge. 4Our English/ESOL courses and studentsOur English/ESOL courses are fitting for adult learners (19+) who are living in the UK either permanently or as refugees or asylum seekers and for European migrant workers.We offer a variety of courses to real ise a wide range of needs. Some courses are more suitable for EU migrant workers and enable students to gain a devising quickly. Others are more appropriate for students who need to catch up on other skills, such as basic literacy.All courses are part-time, either day-time or evening, and last either for one term or one semester (18 weeks).Students convey either every day (Monday Friday) or two evenings per week (Monday and Wednesday or Tuesday and Thursday). there are two necessitate options on the daytime courses ESOL unornamented and ESOL Express. On ESOL Extra learners study for 2.5 hours per day and on ESOL Express they study for 2 hours per day. On the evening courses, hours are the same learners study for 2.5 hours on two evenings per week.QualificationsAll the courses lead to an examination this is usually a trinity Skills for Life certificate.We offer these qualifications at 5 levels from Entry 1 (beginner) to direct 2. Students take an examination in Speaking and Listening, Reading and Writing.5The authentication in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages CELTA (incorporating the award in Preparing to Teach in the long Learning Sector PTLLS)What is CELTA?CELTA is an initial qualification for multitude with little or no previous teaching experience. It is the best know and most widely taken initial TESOL/TEFL qualification of its kind in the world.Who recognises CELTA?It is accepted throughout the world by organisations which employ English Language teachers. It has also been accredited by the Office of Qualifications and Examinations Regulation (Ofqual) at aim 5 on the National Qualifications Framework for England, Wales and Northern Ireland.Who is CELTA for? people jump a go in English Language teaching The course depart give you a firm grounding in the rudiments of language teaching practice, and the confidence to use these effectively in the classroom.People looking for a career change or career rest period An increasing number of candidates are professionals who would like a new career path or want to take a short go over in their existing career, which may involve the probability to live and work abroad.People already teaching English solely with no egg qualifications You may already be teaching English but have no formal teaching qualifications. CELTA get out help you improve your teaching, patronise your king and may lead to internal promotion or a better teaching think over.Who is eligible to apply?We recommend that candidates have a standard of grooming equivalent to that bespeakd for entry into higher education (normally 2 A levels and above). You get out also need good numeracy skills. However, we are happy to consider applications from candidates who do not have formal qualifications at thislevel but who can demonstrate that they have appropriate language competence, skills, and experience. The course is open to both native and non-native speakers of English. If English is not you r set-back language, you must have a command of pen and spoken English that enables you to teach across a range of levels and complete the written assignments. In our experience, most no-hit candidates have English as their first language and are graduates.What does CELTA involve?The course is extremely demanding and requires a high level of commitment. You are required to attend the whole course, and complete platework assignments. You will have to devote a considerable amount of time to course work outside class hours, and we strongly recommend that you do not do any part-time work or other studies during the course. You should also be prepared to accept constructive criticism from your trainers and other trainees and be willing to reconsider your assumptions about teaching and learning.What does the course cover?The course aims to teach the principles of effective teaching and a range of pragmatic skills for teaching English to adult learners. You will have hands-on teaching practice, bump experienced teachers and complete four practically-focussed written assignments.6There are five main units of learningUnit 1 Learners and teachers and the teaching and learning contextUnit 2 Language Analysis and awarenessUnit 3 Language skills reading, listening, speaking and writingUnit 4 supplying and resources for disparate teaching contactsUnit 5 Developing teaching skills and professionalism.How will I be assessed?You will be assessed throughout the course thither is no final examination. An external assessor, ap razeed by Cambridge ESOL, moderates each course.There are two components of assessmentTeaching Practice You will teach for a total of six hours, working with classes at two ability levels. Assessment is based on your overall performance at the end of the six hours.Written Assignments You will complete four written assignments one on adult learning and learning contexts, one on an sight of the language system of English, one on an aspect of language skills and one on classroom teaching and the identification of action points.Assessment and rankGrading of candidates is by continuous assessment. There is no final examination. no-hit candidates are awarded the Cambridge CELTA at one of the following gradesPass, Pass B, and Pass A.On average, about 60% of our trainees achieve a Pass, 30% achieve a Pass B and 5% are awarded a Pass A. About 5% do not succeed. While everything on the course is taken into account, and you must complete the written assignments satisfactorily, the most heavily weighted factor is your teaching performance. You will receive written feedback, including anassessment of your teaching, on all the lessons you teach.You will have at least two individual tutorials to check that your perception of your progress agrees with that of your trainers. If there is a danger that you will fail, your trainers will make this clear and talk about where and how you can improve.We aim to be as clear and open as possible abou t your development.As part of the Cambridge scheme, every course is moderated by an external assessor, who visits the college for one or two days. In addition to checking that we are complying with course regulations, the assessor is available to listen to any points you or your group would like to make. If you feel that we are giving you unfair assessments, you can discuss this with the assessor.Applying for the courseSelection to the course is based on an interview, lasting approximately two hours and a written task. Please complete the application form at the back of this booklet and submit it with your personal statement to the variant Organiser. You will be given the written task at the interview.7Frequently Asked QuestionsIs it a problem that Ive never taught before?No. The course is an introduction to English language teaching. People who already have experience sometimes find it a drawback as it can be difficult to unlearn old habits and learn new techniques.I have got lot s of presence, I know a lot about English and I am used to standing up in strawman of people and telling them things, so I am bound to be a good teacher, right?Wrong. The abilities to relate well and listen to learners are more important than an over-emphasis ontelling.Does it take if I escape any part of the course?Yes. 100% attendance is expected other than in exceptional circumstances.What happens if I am ill during the course?The Cambridge rules delimit that if you miss more than 20% of the whole course or any of the 6 hours of assessed teaching practice, you are not eligible for the certificate other than in exceptional circumstances.Will there be much paperwork?You will be responsible for maintaining a portfolio of your work during the course and this constitutes your official assessed record. You will also need to be able to keep records and retrieve written document easily.I have never been able to spell properly does it matter?Yes. Learners of English expect their teache rs to be able to spell reasonably accurately. Also,Cambridge rules require candidates to be able to write in English that is essentially let go of of errors. Part of our interview subroutine is designed to check this.Will I have to follow any particular methodology?Our aim is to provide you with a range of techniques and approaches which you will be able to select from.I have never learned grammar before is this a problem? many an(prenominal) native speakers of English know little about the mechanics of their admit language and are unconfident about teaching grammar. Part of our selection process is to check that you have the potential to follow the grammar component of the course.When I have completed my CELTA, what further teaching qualifications should I take?It depends on your career plans. If you intend to work in Further Education, the Cambridge ESOL Diploma in Teaching in the womb-to-tomb Learning Sector will give you the qualification you need. If you want a qualificatio n which has a more international bias, and if you are interested in developing your EFL career more broadly, the DELTA (Diploma in English Language Teaching to Adults) may be more appropriate. We do not currently offer the DELTA course at WKC.If I am successful in CELTA, can I take the Cambridge ESOL Diploma course immediately afterwards?We recommend that you gain at least 50 hours practical teaching experience before starting the Diploma. You will have to go through a selection process which involves an interview and completion of a task. Also, we can only accept you onto the Diploma course if you already teach, or are planning to teach, in the Further Education sector.8 helpful BooksThere is no official reading list, but here are some useful titlesMethodologyLearning Teaching, Jim Scrivener (Macmillan Heinemann).The Practice of English Language Teaching (4th edition), Jeremy Harmer (Longman).GrammarPractical English Usage, Michael Swan (OUP).Grammar for English Language Teaching, Martin Parrot (CUP).What CELTA has done for me?For many of our trainees, success on their course has led to some very positive changes in their lives. This is what two of them told usI was 51 when I did my CELTA course a bit old, and my only sorrowfulness is that I didnt do it 20 years earlier. My day job had become excruciatingly unbearable and it was when I was doing Spanish evening classes that I got the idea of doing a CELTA when I realised what a pleasant life my Spanish teacher was having. The 4-week course was intensive but that was part of the enjoyment. The three tutors were very supportive throughout and always gave us frank and good advice. The students were a friendly mix of people and were always patient and cordial with their rather clumsy and inexperienced teachers. It was a very rewarding experience and at the end of the course I felt that I had got my point back. I would advise it to anyone, but especially those who are free to go abroad and teach, as schools in this country tend to want teachers with experience unless you do a Summer School. Nevertheless, aCELTA is a very assorted extra string to anyones bow, and with it you should find it way to find a job anywhere in the world.Mick HutchinsonI did a CELTA course when I was 24 years old. I had just finished a contract as an EventsAssistant in the city and was looking for something different to do. I had heard a lot about CELTA and TEFL courses and how useful they were if you precious to go travelling and even to teach English in your home country. I thoroughly enjoyed myself, and it was a very satisfying as well as challenging experience. However, be warned that for one month it is hard work, but its well worth itWhen I completed my CELTA I taught English to Italian students for a while but went back to work in the city. However, I always knew I would use the CELTA at some point and I am now about to spend the summer in Ecuador teaching EnglishDiana ChapmanWhat motivates students? What c an you do to keep motivation high?Teacher Training with Westminster Kingsway CollegeTeaching is one of the most rewarding professions and it provides you with the opportunity to interact with people of all ages and from all walks of life. Westminster Kingsway College offers a number of teaching courses that will help you to progress into teaching as a career and develop your skills for the classroom.Careers at a glanceTeacherLecturerHeadteacher favorable WorkerResearcherSchool AdministratorTeaching Courses at Westminster Kingsway CollegeThis is a selection of the teaching courses at the College contact us for further details.CELTA Certificate in Teaching English to Speakers of Other LanguagesAccess to Higher Education Diploma Education Studies and Teacher TrainingPreparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector (PTLLS)Diploma in Teaching in the Lifelong Learning Sector (DTLLS)Visit www.westking.ac.uk for further details about Westminster Kingsway College

Evaluation Criteria Paper Essay

Taylor Transit is a telephoner that is growing rapidly. The bon ton must(prenominal) analyze the imaginations and capabilities of the family to look for the unspoiled peters that will provide potential benefits and competitive advantages in human resources. The brisk approach should include the selection of impressive tools that help human resources during the elaborateness process and the criteria that will be beneficial in the human resource practices.The intent of the paper is discussing the implementation of specific HR tools such as employee selection test, Human Resource Information agreement (HRIS), successful grooming, and the rating of the criteria for each tool selection. Human Resource Criteria Identification Identify and gear up which is the most appropriate criteria is fundamental because it allows the implementation of new human resources procedures. The hobby explain the criteria for each of the following tools Human Resource Information System (HRIS)For Taylor Transit implementation and use of HRIS is of great benefit because it helps to increase the specialty of human resources assets as considerably as provide guidance. The criteria will be based in the necessity of having a good HR tuition system in where the company will be able to oblige schooling concerning to each employee and any other related HR information such as employees evaluation, disciplinary actions, rewards, and trainings within the organization.The HRIS technology supports strategic planning through the generation of labor force supply and demand needs, requirements and forecasts ( Lippert & Swiercz, 2005). This tool will be very useful for the company given that the company is expanding it is important to have a system that allows Taylor Transit to have a solid database to track data 8,000 employees in order to help in the planning and execution of the company objectives. Selection Test The adequate selection test for the company is important because allow identifying the right candidate since the beginning of recruitment process.The recommended tools for measure the candidates are the cognitive aptitude and the strength tests. cognitive aptitude and ability tests are among the most valid predictors available to organizations ( Terpstra, 1994). The criteria in the selection of these tools are because the cognitive aptitude test measure the candidate mental capabilities as well their reasoning and communication. On the other hand, the ability test will help to predict the cognitive process of the employee within the company. as well as the background and the experience of the candidate, for the company will be useful brighten a thorough assessment in order to have the high hat candidates within the company Succession Planning Succession planning must be part of an integrated HR process that includes training, development and performance appraisal (Stensgaard, 2005). The criteria for choosing this tool is because the succession p lanning also has indirect impacts on measures of firm performance such as productivity and gross returns on assets (Greer & Virick, 2008).This would be excellent tool that would be beneficial in the assist of HR processes (training, development, and performance). One of the things Taylor Transit need to take into consideration is agnize sure of taking the necessary measures regarding in the strait-laced selection of staff office for each of the positions within the company, as well of having the support of the senior take centering. This is important because it allows a systematic process for identifying, evaluating, and developing personnel who are trained to perform key functions within the company.The usefulness of this is essential because it allows accredited key personnel receive the necessary tools to develop their skills and abilities, as well as giving them the opportunity in the early to be the future leaders of the company. Conclusion By implementing the right too ls allows human resource management to have a higher level of competitiveness. The three selected tools are surpass suited for the rapid growth of Taylor Transit. Implement the HRIS is helpful because it allows expose restrict of information, and quick access to information for each employee.And for assessing the performance, this will help mould what kind of trainings can be provided to employees. This is helpful because it allows management the assessment and forward motion of the procedures of the company. Meanwhile, the employee selection tests are useful because they allow the assessment of cognitive abilities and skills of employees in order to recruit the best possible candidates and may have better performance of the company.This is important because in the long run is cost effective because employees who have better cognitive aptitudes and abilities skills learn quickly, therefore the company does non have to incur in additional expenses for re-training their employee s and in turn negate turnover. Finally, the successful planning is helpful because it allows employees to adapt quickly to the demands of the company the company in turn may have strategically highly restricted personnel in positions that are key to the success of the company. Implementing these tools allow the proper management of the company.

Mcdonald’s Healthier Happy Meals Essay

McDonalds Happy Meals for children came under extreme scrutiny when parents, consumer-advocacy groups, and current city councils deemed it to be inappropriate to lure children to such an unhealthy repast by including a free hornswoggle. In November 2011, the San Francisco city council decided to terminate the addition of toys to meals that did non conform to specific nutritional values (Melnick, 2011). In July 2011 McDonalds announced that they plan to provide their customers with a better option.In order to successfully make these changes McDonalds hired a search group to conduct an extensive research and present them with a appeal effective solution. The Research Questions The irresolutions the company had to look into to resolve this issue was * How derriere they make the meals for the children healthier while maintaining the convenience that fast provender is k like a shot for? * How kitty they cut the calories from their existing meals? * How back they make healthy food desirable to children? * How can they keep these healthier options cost effective? * What would be the best marketing strategy to launch these healthier changes?The Hypothesis A hypothesis explores a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting head up for further investigation (Merriam-Webster, 2013). In the exploration to raise a question and find an answer, the company has to face the question how can they make the meals for the children healthier while maintaining the convenience that fast food is known for? Through the eld McDonalds has added a twin new features to their bill of fare like a wider selection in desserts, a value menu, and select new overbold healthier choices to their fast food chain.But the question now is, how can they further cut the calories from these meals? Yes, McDonalds has gained a fine respect in the fast food industry for upgrading to healthier choices, but now the kids menu may need some revamping o n their own. If the regular menu can provide healthier choice selections like salads, less than 400 calories, and weight watcher approved items, what can they do about happy meals? A solution to providing a healthier selection is to proffer a more(prenominal) beneficial meal that kids can enjoy.Apple bags, celery sticks, carrots, reduced milk, baked instead of fried items and healthier meat. Those are just a couple of suggestions to an issue that is easy to solve. The main purpose is to change the world iodine step at a time, and healthier living for is the new bridle-path to take. The Variables Local societies are becoming more health conscience and flavor for healthier options when going out to eat. Even though McDonalds did not follow the popular approach by luring people in with the use of famous celebrities, people felt that offering toys with their Happy Meals were unacceptable.The variables in a research scenario are considered to be independent (IV) and dependent vari ables (DV). In this research scenario the independent variables are the food and the marketing strategy, while the add of calories and interest of the children are the dependent variables. Many children were attracted to McDonalds Happy Meals for the toy they got with it and this is what their marketing strategy revolved around. In April 2012, The Times released the word Why were eating fewer happy meals.The articles main focus was McDonalds use of toys with their Happy Meals and the use of a clown who is hell-bent on the creepy mission of luring children into McDonalds, where theyll be fatten up and primed for a lifetime of regular fast-food dining visits (Tuttle, 2012, p. 1). along with improving their Happy Meals, McDonalds has also changed their marketing strategy. They still offer the toys but it is no longer their main focal point. Instead they now show Ronald McDonald playing around, participating in healthy activities and proclaiming that a healthier life style is a lot of fun.

A critical reflection essay on Islam Essay

Islam beingness the fastest growing religion, has adhered a jalopy of positive as well as negative attention from the media. repayable to this vast media influence stereotypes in Islam go through increased from terrorism, Muslims have been discriminated provided due to the negative outlook that North America has portrayed upon them. The media tends to conjoin the truth and to coiffe Muslims seem perilous. Having that simpleton coherence of one other will be the start to making a difference.Islam is one of the more or less inspiring religions in the world. It is practiced in many countries, including Northern Africa, Saudi-Arabian Arabia, Indonesia, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan and Iraq. Due to it being such a large religion, us hatful of the west tend to have a little understanding and intimacy some the religion. The very bitter truth is that not many sight out case the religion butt fully grasp their principles. With so many stereotypes being constantly circulated, it is ver y hard to get an evident propose about Islam both as a religion and as vogue of living. The first stereotype has to do with the jihad. Jihad liter entirelyy means The debate in the path of God, or holy war. This terminal unfortunately has been totally misunders to a faultd and made to get under ones skin it appear as though the Muslim people fight their bureau through with(predicate) all their problems.Jihad could mean ones spiritual struggle against infidels and does not always discover to actual violence. This pillar of faith has been completely turned around in order to portray Islam in a negative manner, which is surly something that weve accommodate to through the media. Another stereotype is that women in the Muslim society ar not treated equally or with respect. People feel this way because the women often wear a hijab which consists of a veil covering the head. This is genuinely a personal choice of the women, not a requirement. It was said in the Quran that wom en and men were to be treated equally. By judging people similarly quickly we tend to forget to look inside rather accordingly to make assumptions due to an appearance.Stereotypes such as the ones mentioned are absolutely biased and extremely unfair to the Muslim people. Many times, the media does not catch the side of the story where real people are being affected and influenced by what the society believes and says about them. We seem to act as though we are more superior and that we are perfect and do not make mistakes. Just because somepeople from a certain religion make a poor choice does not mean that everyone else is that religion is strangle to as well. It is the same with the Muslim people. Just because there are terrorists who price themselves and those around them for selfish reasons, does not mean that every other Muslim is just as destructive.I feel that people need to be more open minded and try to do research and become more educated before judging and discrimi nating. If for once all religions dictum eye to eye and did not try to put one other down then we would live in a much placid world. By not becoming educated, we basically take someone elses persuasion, or the medias and make it our own without looking deeper into the situation. If we just stop being selfish for just a moment, perhaps we can start again and try to live in harmony with our fellow human beings.During the ago two weeks I have learned a lot about Islam, although I did bonk the basis of the religion people my family practices it. Although some of the thinks that I thought I k raw turned out to be totally imitative I always thought the women never played a map in society and that the Muslim people really did have ultra views. After taking a closer look, I came to realize that I was not even close. It was so interesting and almost relieving to come to that fruition that these people are simply misunderstood and are the victims of brutal jaundiced attacks.The bigg est thing I learned from all this was not to judge a book by its cover. We cant really have an opinion or pass judgment on a situation that we know nothing of. I realized now that people twist things in order to get a good story but as soon as people are educated about these matters, the media can no longer fool us into believing it all. Acting upon new knowledge, and most importantly correct knowledge is the way to see through the discrimination and look deep inside.Misconceptions and stereotypes about Islam and the Muslim community have increases majorly in the past couple of years. People have become too quick to judge and believe everything that the media tells them. Through knowledge and coherence about Islam and the Muslim people we would come to understand that it is all a simple misunderstanding and that really the Muslims are victims in this manifesto. We should not let others found opinions in ourhead and to stay ignorant to the reality of the world. By doing this we for k out ourselves from becoming something that is not really human, but more so a robot thats being controlled by the media, if we just stop and think for ourselves, we could live in harmony, and achieve world peace, a feeling thats everlasting.

Appeal to the colored citizens of the world Essay

During this same period, David Walker exemplified the prophetic tradition of the glowering church with his Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, published between 1829 and 1830. Walker employed scriptural language and Christian morality in creating anti-ruling class ideology slaveholders were niggardly and unmerciful wretches who were guilty of perpetrating the most wretched, abject, and servile slavery in the populace against Africans. To conclude, the church of the slave era contributed substantially to African-American social and policy-making resistance.The invisible institution provided physical and psychological relief from the horrific conditions of servitude inside the confines of hush arbors, bonds lot found unfamiliar dignity and a sense of self-esteem. Similarly, the A. M. E. congregations confronted white paternalism by organizing their people into units of resistance to fight collectively for social equality and political self-direction. And finally, the an tebellum church did not wholly empower Blacks by structuring their communities it also supplied them with individual political leaders.David Walker make two stellar contributions to the Black struggle for freedomhe twain created and popularized anti-ruling class philosophy. He intrepidly broadcasted the conditional necessity of violence in abolishing slavery demanding to be heard by his suffering brethren and the American people and their children in both the North and the southwestward. As churches grew in size and importance, the Black pastors role as community leader became supremely influential and unquestionably essential in the fight against Jim Crow.For instance, in 1906, when the city officials of Nashville, Tennessee, segregated the streetcars, R. H. Boyd, a prominent leader in the National Baptist Convention, organize a Black boycott against the system. He even went so faraway as to operate his own streetcar line at the upper side of the conflict. To Boyd and his co nstituents no setback was ever final, and the grace of God was irrefutability infinite. African Wesleyan grandiloquentMark of Independence When Richard Allen was 17, he experienced a ghostly conversion that changed his life forever.(PBS, Allen) Even though born into slavery in Philadelphia in 1760, he became not only free but influential, a founder of the African Methodist Episcopal church building and its first bishop. Allen, do it as one of the first African-Americans to be emancipated during the Revolutionary Era, had to lick an identity for his people as well as for himself. Richard Allen Allowed by his bad owner to buy his freedom, Allen earned a living sawing cordwood and driving a wagon during the Revolutionary War. After the war he furthered the Methodist execute by becoming a licensed exhorter, preaching to nigrifys and whites from New York to South Carolina.To reconcile his faith and his African-American identity, Allen decided to form his own congregation. He gath ered a group of ten black Methodists and took over a blacksmiths shop in the increasingly black southern contribution of the city, converting it to the Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church hence, the African Methodist Episcopal Church. Allen was chosen as the first bishop of the church, the first fully independent black denomination in America. He had succeeded in charting a separate ghostlike identity for African-Americans.Although the Bethel Church opened in a ceremony conduct by Bishop Francis Asbury in July 1794, its tiny congregation worshiped separate from our white brethren. In 1807 the Bethel Church added an African Supplement to its articles of incorporation in 1816 it won levelheaded recognition as an independent church. In the same year Allen and representatives from four-spot other black Methodist congregations (in Balti much Wilmington, Delaware Salem, New Jersey and Attleboro, Pennsylvania) met at the Bethel Church to organize a new denomination, the African Methodist Episcopal Church.To be noted, the white Methodists of the New York Conference resisted the move toward independence, but those of the Philadelphia Conference, in Richard Allens territory, gave a conditional blessing, an irony that must have galled the Bethelites (as Allens group was popularly known). Of the two black denominations, the Bethelites enjoyed greater growth and more stable leadership in the pre-Civil War decades.

British Literature Essay

This lesson is a continuation of the study of British literature and leave center on literature from the Neoclassical termination to today. This lesson is but an overview of close to of the beginnings and literary whole whole kit and caboodle produced in England during a p artificeicular limit. There be legion(predicate) separate authors that made burning(prenominal) contributions to the literature of this time breaker point. The periods of British belles-lettres argonClassical flow rate (1200 BC to 455 AD) Medieval Period (455 AD to 1485) Renaissance and the Commonwealth Period (1485 to 1660) Neoclassical Period (1660 to 1790) romantic Period (1790 to 1830) mincing Period (1832 to 1901) Edwardian Era (1901 to 1910) contemporaneity (1914 to 1945) Post-Modernism Period from 1945 to the birth Neoclassical Period (1660-1790) The Enlighten ment ( in like manner referred to as the Neoclassical Period or the Age of Reason) was based on the concept that slew could find ne plus ultra and happiness through reason and knowledge. This essentially humanist vision was characterized by a resistance to religious authority.The Enlightenment began during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in Europe and eventually spread to America. The Restoration, the Augustan Age, and the Age of magic trickson were time periods that were let in in the Enlightenment. Literature from the colonial period and the beginning of the revolutionary period in American literature developed during this time. Two great(p) American authors of the era were Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine. During the Restoration, British monarch Charles II was restored to the hatful (hence the name of the era), marking the decline of the Puritan influence on British literature.Writers of the Neoclassical Period earth-closet Dryden Dryden (1631-1700) was an position poet and dramatist. near of his noted numberss complicate Astrea Redux, Absalom and Achitophel, and The Hind and the Panth er. He is also known for his play any for Love. Dryden was the British poet laureate from 1670 to 1689. John Locke Locke (1631-1704) was an slope philosopher who wrote the essay Concerning Human Understanding. He believed that the save way a person could put on knowledge was through experience. Lockes Two Treatises on Government promoted ideas about democracy.William Wycherley Wycherley (1640-1716) was an English dramatist whose working take Love in a Wood, The Country Wife, and The Plain Dealer. Samuel Pepys Samuel Pepys (1633-1703) was a government official and writer who lived in England. His noteworthy Diary is an all important(p) source of the lifestyles and history of the English hatful. Aphra Behn Behn (1640-1689) was an English newist and dramatist and the introductory distaff to make a living from her writing. Some of her workings involve Oroonoko, The coerce Marriage, The Rover, and The Lucky Chance.The Augustan Age (1700-1750), named for the Roman empero r Augustus, witnessed a overstep to the Latin literature of the ancient Roman Empire. British writers were influenced by the plant of the ancient Roman poets Horace and Virgil during this era. Writers of the Augustan Age Joseph Addison Addison (1672-1719) was an English poet, essayist, dramatist, and member of fantan. star of his well-known literary works was the poem The Campaign. Sir Richard Steele Steele (1672-1729) was an essayist and dramatist from Ireland. With Joseph Addison, he founded the journals The Tattler, The Spectator, and The Guardian.He was elected to Parliament and was later knighted. Two of his plays allow The Funeral and The certified Lovers. Jonathan Swift Swift (1667-1745) was an Irish satirist who used Juvenalian satire to criticise the society of his day in Gullivers Travels. Some of his other works include A tosh of a Tub and A grim Proposal. In 1694, he was ordained in the Church of England. Alexander pontiff Pope (1688-1784) was a poet and write r of satire who was famous for his use of the elevated couplet in his writings. Some of his works include The Rape of the Lock, The temple of Fame, An Essay on Man, and Moral Essays.Daniel Defoe Defoe (1660-1731) was a journalist who wrote Robinson Crusoe. Some of his other works include The True-Born Englishman, Moll Flanders, and A Journal of the Plague Year. he Age of Johnson, named for Samuel Johnson (an important figure in English literature in the late 1700s), lasted from 1750-1790. Writers of the Age of Johnson Samuel Johnson Johnson (1709-1784) was an English author famous for his Dictionary of the English Language, The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia, and The Lives of the English Poets. He is also remembered for forming a group of writers called the literary Club.Oliver goldsmith Goldsmith (1728-1774) was an English dramatist, essayist, poet, and invigoratedist and was a member of the Literary Club. Goldsmith wrote the novel The Vicar of heat upfield. other(a ) works include the poem The Deserted settlement and the play She Stoops to Conquer. Edmund Burke Burke (1729-1797) served as a member of Parliament during the American Revolution. He supported the rights of the colonists and urged the British government to compromise with the American colonies. Some of his writings were critical of the French Revolution. Robert Burns Burns (1759-1796) was a Scottish songwriter and poet.Two of Burns better known songs are Auld Lang Syne and Comin Thro the Rye. James Boswell Boswell (1740-1795) was a Scottish author who wrote the biography The behavior of Samuel Johnson. He was a member of Samuel Johnsons Literary Club, and the two men traveled together. Boswells Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides is an account of iodin of their trips. Edward Gibbon Gibbon (1737-1794) was a leading historian whose intimately famous work was the History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Thomas senile Gray (1716-1771) was an English poet whose style was used by many of the quixotic writers.His most famous work was Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard. Olaudah Equiano Equiano (c. 1750 c. 1797) was an African slave who was brought to the West Indies. He received nigh education and was later granted his freedom by his master. He was the first black to write an autobiography in England. He wrote The Interesting memorial of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African in 1789. Romantic Period (1790-1830) romanticism is the school of thought and period of literature in which emotion, passion, and imagination are considered more important than reason and intuition more important than logic.During the Romantic Period, most writers were discontented with commercial, inhuman, and standardized conditions. Many Romantic writers represent people in unrealistic situations. To escape from ultramodern life, the Romantics turned their interest to far and faraway places, the medieval past, folklore and legends, nature, and t he common people. Romantics glorified the individual and believed that people must be free from confining rules and able to develop individually. The Romantic novels expound exciting adventures, unexplained events, and the evil influences of obsessions. Writers of the Romantic Period William BlakeBlake (1757-1827) was an English poet, artist, and prominent figure of Romanticism. Some of his works include Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience. Blake created the illustrations in some of his books such as The Marriage of Heaven and Hell. William Wordsworth Wordsworth (1770-1850) was a Romantic poet whose literary works cogitate on the beauty of nature. He teamed with Samuel Taylor Coleridge to write musical Ballads, marking the beginning of the Romantic impetus. Other works include The l integritysome(a) Reaper and the autobiographical poem Prelude. Samuel Coleridge Coleridge (1772-1834) was a poet and philosopher from England.He coauthored Lyrical Ballads with William Word sworth. His most famous works include The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Kubla Khan. Percy Bysshe Shelly Shelly (1792-1822) was an English poet whose many poems contained political and religious themes. His works include Ode to the West Wind, The Cloud, and The Skylark. John Keats Keats (1795-1821) was a poet who focused on death, love, and beauty. His works include Ode to a nightingale and On a Grecian Urn. Sir Walter Scott Scott (1771-1832) was a Scottish novelist and poet who became a lawyer in 1792. He was credited with creating the historical novel.Scott became iodine of the leading literary figures of his day. Scotts works of poetry include The Lay of the Last Minstrel, Marmion, and The skirt of the Lake. His novels include Waverley, The Tale of Old Mortality, The Heart of Midlothian, Ivanhoe, The Talisman, St. Ronans Well, A subtitle of Montrose, and Quentin Durward. Jane Austen Austen (1775-1814) was an English novelist who incorporated her observations of the manner s and society of her time. Through dialogue and narration, she allowed her characters to be guided by common sense and traditional values. Her more famous works include Sense and Sensibility and Pride and Prejudice.black letter novel Gothic novels use detestation and medieval elements such as castles and dungeons. bloody shame Shelleys Frankenstein, and Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights are examples of Gothic novels. Writers of Gothic Novels Ann Radcliffe Radcliffe (1764-1823) wrote The Mysteries of Udolpho and The Italian. The panorama of most of her work involved innocent young women, dark confidential castles, and nobles with secret pasts. Horace Walpole Horace Walpole (1717-1797) wrote The Castle of Otranto, considered by some to be the first Gothic novel, as well as over 4,000 publish letters.Writers in the prim Period (1832-1901) wrote about the living conditions of the lower class. The nice Period was also marked by sentimental novels. The modern drama appeared toward the end of the capital of Seychellesn Age. Writers of the Victorian Period of Literature (1832-1901) Alfred Lord Tennyson Tennyson (1809-1892) served as the poet laureate of big(p) Britain from 1850 to 1892. Some of his works include Ulysses and The Charge of the Light Brigade. Robert brown Browning (1812-1889) used dramatic monologue in his writings.Some of his works include Pippa Passes, The Pied Piper of Hamelin, Bells and Pomegranates, and My Last Duchess. Anne Bronte Anne Bronte (1820-1849) was the youngest of the three Bronte sisters. Her novels include Agnes Grey and The tenant of Wildfell Hall. Oscar Wilde Wilde (1854-1900) was an Irish author who published only one novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray. Wilde wrote many comedies, including A Woman of No Importance and The Importance of macrocosm Earnest. Thomas Carlyle Carlyle (1795-1881) was a Scottish historian and essayist who criticized the laissez faire doctrine that allowed people to do as they pleased.His works includ e Frederick the peachy. George Bernard Shaw Shaw (1856-1950) was an Irish dramatist and novelist and a member of the mixerist Fabian Society. He wrote over 50 plays including Pygmalion and won the Nobel Prize for Literature. Edward Lear Lear (1812-1888) was an English artist and author famous for his limericks and childrens poems. Lears first publication was A Book of Nonsense, and his most famous childrens poem was The Owl and the Pussycat. Charlotte Bronte Charlotte Bronte (1816 1855) was an English author best known for her novel Jane Eyre.With her sisters Emily and Anne, she published poetry written depicting their childhood fantasy world. The poems were published under the male pseudonyms of Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell. Emily Bronte Emily Bronte (1818 1848) was one of the English Bronte sisters famous for their literary style. Her only novel was the Gothic Wuthering Heights. Charles Dickens Dickens (1812 1859) gained fame as a writer of The Pickwick Papers. Many of his literary works were based on his life experiences and social conditions in England. His best known works include A Tale of Two Cities and Great Expectations.Pre-Raphaelite Poets The Pre-Raphaelite poets (named for the Italian painter Raphael) of the Victorian Age wanted to return the morality of the medieval era to the modern world. Dante Rossetti Rossetti (1828-1882) was considered a leading poet and painter in England during the 1800s. His poetry contained imagery and examples of symbolism, and his paintings included romantic scenes. His literary works included Sister Helen and The House of Life. William Morris Morris (1834-1896) was an English artist, poet, and social reformer whose work museed an interest in medieval art and Gothic architecture.His works include The Life and Death of Jason, The Earthly Paradise, A Dream of John Ball, and new-sprung(prenominal)s from Nowhere. Realism (1860 1914) Realist authors exposit life as it really existed. Writers examined and exposed t he social, economic, and political problems of society using the dialect or language of the people. Realists saw the corruption of the Gilded Age and called for reform. They rejected Romanticism, which portrayed people in unrealistic situations. Mark Twain, Bret Harte, and Henry James were writers of Realism. transcendentalism (1800s)Transcendentalism was a religious and philosophical movement in the earliest to middle 1800s. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) was the leader of the Transcendentalist movement in America. He believed that people could gain knowledge through the use of their intellect rather than from the experiences of their lives. The Transcendentalists rejected clod religious t all(prenominal)ings. Naturalism Naturalists represented the extreme element of the Realism movement of literature. They believed that family history and environment were the main influences on the development of a persons character and that people had no control over their fate.Political, eco nomic, social, and genetic endowment factors controlled the actions and fate of the people. Naturalist writers exposed the abuses and suffering of people in America. Upton Sinclair described in The Jungle, the plight of the workers in the meat packing plants in Chicago. Stephen unfold wrote about the sufferings of the soldiers during the Civil War in The Red Badge of Courage. Other Naturalist authors included Jack London, Theodore Dreiser, and Eugene ONeill. Edwardian Period (1901-1910) This period of British Literature refers to the reign of Edward VII, the eldest son of Queen Victoria and her husband Albert.Edward was interested in the arts and founded the Royal College of Music. Writers of the Edwardian Period H. G. Wells Wells (1866-1946) was a novelist, historian, and well-known author of science fiction. His literary works include The Time Machine, The War of the Worlds, and The Shape of Things to Come. His Wealth and pleasure of Mankind addressed the social needs of people in general. Arnold bennet Bennet (1867-1931) was an English journalist, novelist, and playwright. The film The Madness of King George was an adaptation of one of his plays. One of his most famous works was A Private Function.Rupert carry Brook (1887-1915) was an English poet whose writings described the lives of people who suffered through the horror of World War I. One of his most famous works is The Soldier. John Masefield Masefield (1878-1967) was a novelist and poet laureate from England. His works of poetry include The Everlasting Mercy, Dauber, and Reynard the pull someones leg and the novels Sard Harker and The Bird of Dawning. Modernism (1914-1945) Modernism was a literary and ethnic movement that did not support the social, political, or economic values of the 1800s. disassociate of the reason for the movement away from the 1800s was due to the tremendous destruction and passing game of life that occurred during World War I. The Modernist movement included art, philoso phy, architecture, and literature in both Europe and America. Writers of the Modernism Period William B. Yeats Yeats (1865-1939) was an Irish playwright, poet, and dramatist who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1923. Some of his works include the poem The Lake Isle of Innisfree and the plays The Countess Cathleen and The Land of Hearts Desire. Seamus HeaneyHeaney (1939-) is an Irish poet whose work focuses on the politics and culture of Northern Ireland. Some of his works include The pure tone Level and Wintering Out and North. Dylan Thomas Thomas (1914-1953) was a Welsh poet who focused on the themes of religion, death, and love. His works include Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog and Adventures in the Skin Trade. Virginia Woolf Woolf (1882-1941) was an English novelist. Her literary works focused on social and economic inde publishdence for women. Her novels include Mrs. Dalloway, The Years, and betwixt the Acts. Wilfred OwenOwen (1893-1918) was an English writer who wr ote about World War I. His poetry focuses on the theme that war is not a glorious venture. His works include Anthem for Doomed Youth. T. S. Eliot Eliot (18881965) was an American born English poet and playwright and one of the leading writers of the Modernist period of literature. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1948. Some of his work includes The Hollow Men, Ash Wednesday, Four Quartets, Murder in the Cathedral, and The Cocktail Party. David Herbert Lawrence Lawrence (18851930) was a novelist whose literary works focused on how men and women relate to each other.His most famous work was Lady Chatterleys Lover. His other works include The Rainbow and The Studies in Classic American Literature. Siegfried Sassoon Sassoon (18861967) was a British poet and author who wrote about the experiences of World War I. Sassoons literary works include The Old Century and Rhymed Ruminations. Aldous Huxley Huxley (18941963) was an English poet and novelist. His novel Brave New Wor ld criticized how science was destroying the morals of English society. His other works include Those Barren Leaves and Point Counter Point. Post-modernism Period (1945 to the present)Post-modernism includes some values and beliefs of the Modernism period. Its literature rejects traditional values of society and supports the anti-novel form. George Orwell Orwells (1903-1950) writings reflect his distrust of government and political and social ideologies. His works include cardinal Eighty-Four and the modern fable Animal Farm. Joseph Conrad Conrad (1857-1924) was a prominent British novelist of the Post-modernist period. Some of his works include Lord Jim and Under Western Eyes. Conrad was a naturalized British citizen, having been born in the Ukraine. James JoyceJoyce (1882-1941) was an Irish writer who used the stream of consciousness technique. Some of his works include Ulysses and Finnegans Wake and the short story collection Dubliners. Katherine Mansfield Mansfield (1888-1923) was a writer from New Zealand whose pen name was Kathleen Beauchamp. Her works include The Garden Party, Bliss, and In a German Pension. Doris Lessing Lessing (1919- ) is an English novelist and author whose works focus on the role of women in politics and society. Some of her works include The Grass is Singing, Children of Violence, Under My Skin, and paseo in the Shade.Nadine Gordimer Gordimer (1923- ) is a South African novelist and short story writer. She won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1991. Her literary works include no(prenominal) to Accompany Me and The House Gun. Robert Graves Graves (1895-1985) was an English poet and writer. His autobiography, Goodbye to All That, describes the horror of war. Graves other work include I Claudius and Claudius the divinity. Kingsley Amis Amis (19221995) was a novelist and poet from England. His literary works include Lucky Jim, The Old Devils, The Riverside Villas Murder, The potassium Man, and The Folks That Live on the Hill.Anth ony Powell Powell (19052000) was an English novelist and playwright. His plays include The Garden God and The Rest Ill Whistle. Powells novels include Afternoon Men, Venusberg, From a purview to a Death, and Agents and Patients. Powells autobiography, To Keep the Ball, was written in four volumes from 1976 to 1982. Muriel ignitor Spark (1918- ) is a Scottish novelist whose literary works include The fix of Miss Jean Brodie, A Far Cry from Kensington, and Aiding and Abetting. A. S. Byatt Byatt (1936- ) is an English novelist. Her literary works include Possession,The Shadow of the Sun, and Babel Tower. Martin Amis Amis (1949- ) is an English journalist and novelist. Some of his works include The Rachel Papers, London Fields, Night Train, and Henry Water. The information in this lesson will be a valuable resource for you in the study of incompatible periods of literature. Remember that this lesson is only an overview of some of the authors and literary works produced in Great Brit ain during this time period. There are many other authors that made important contributions to the literature of this time period that were not discussed in this lesson.