Equity Theory of Motivation Essay

As the cliche goes, no universe is an island. Everything man does is influenced by other(prenominal) men and his environment. Be it in school or at consort, the reason why people persevere lies on the commit to achieve a certain end. Hence, motivation is es moveial to keep the lease of doing things passionately and effectively. However, the enthusiasm to sustain the dream and keep the motivation live can be tampered by lifes uncertainties. Given the laughable characteristics that each bookman possess, the summation of feat exerted by an average school-age child does non always equal the amount of effort exerted by an come step forward of the closetlier in class, yet the results atomic number 18 the identical or sometimes exceeded by the outlier. mayhap at that place are instances when training overnight and not studying at all yielded the said(prenominal) result. These situations proceed the level of motivation a student harness when studying. The ascertaining o f unfairness views how he/she willing prepare for the succeeding(prenominal) exam. In the workplace setting, motivation is likewise an important factor to adjoin productivity. For example, an employee who worked overtime to get the undertaking healthful through with(p) vis-a-vis an employee who slacked polish off and produced a mediocre getup both authentic the same unclutterings and the same praises from their boss. The hardworking employee might feel wronged upon seeing how his extra effort was overlooked. To give justice to the unfairness he feels, he opts to mimic the other employee, thus too producing a mediocre output. The equity guess of motivation, develop by workplace and behavioural psychologist John Stacey Adams in 1963, is grounded on the c at a timeption that employees tend to seek equity or balance in the amount of input they give to their job or relationship with their bosses, and the output they ask in. The inputs referred in this supposition ac as sociation college degree, hard work, effort, committment, ability, adaptability, determination, flexibility, skill, loyalty, tolerance, enthusiasm, trust in superiors, support from colleages, ain sacrifice and the like. On the other hand, outputs come in the form of financial benefits like net, bonuses, and perks, and also intangible benefits such as recognition from superiors, praises, responsibility, job security, good reputation, sense of achievement, personal growth and the like. When an employees inputs outweigh his or her outputs, he or she becomes demotivated and unhappy. To achieve equity, the behavioral response is to balance out the input-output equation by inquire for an increase in the output side, orsimply diminishing his or her input. The state of equity lie on the perception of an employee in relation to another employees input and output proportionality, which shows that employee motivation is subjective nature. However, an employer or managers role of retentiv eness employees motivated should not be deterred by this image. Instead, understanding the sources of employee dissatisfaction and demotivation can tending managers address the issues surrounding the workplace to allow for a to a greater extent fruitful and work-conducive environment.The equity theory is more commonly known as the social affinity theory or the shabbiness theory since an employee compares his input-output ratio with another employees input-output ratio to determine equity, and an employee who feels inequity or unfairness reduces this by dint of his behavior and attitude towards work. The ex commute relationship amidst work and remuneration in comparison with a colleage draws forth discernment of what is fair and unfair. To labor the intuition behind the theory, four objects must be present which include the person, whose aim is to reduce whatever inequity feeling he or she has the comparison to other, which pertains to the benchmark person from whom equity a nd inequity is determined the inputs and the outputs. harmonise to the theory, a person first compares inputs and outputs with a comparison other, then determines if there is inequity or unequal input/output ratio between himself/herself and comparison other. Basically, the theory assumes that an man-to-man addresses his/her inequity feeling after comparison to others, and remains at the level where equity is achieved. Several ways a person does in reaching equity include fixation his/her inputs, altering his/her outputs, distorting his inputs and outputs cognitively, finding a new job, or changing the person of comparison. (Gogia, 2010) In line with this, Huseman, Hattfield and Miles (1987) dissected the equity theory into four basic ideas. First, the notion of fairness is conceived through comparing an individuals input and yields ratio with others. The other does not necessarily require a colleage, because it can also be his/her old self. Comparing the amount of effort exerte d and the amount of salary received to a colleages or an old job facilitates the taste of what is fair to an individual. Second, if the compared ratios are not equal, then there is inequity.The two kinds ofinequity are underpayment inequity and overpayment inequity. Underpayment inequity happens when an individual deems that his/her ratio is smaller than others, or in other words, his great effort mis dyades with the benefit received as compared to another employee. On the contrary, overpayment inequity occurs when a big compensation is received from the little effort exerted, as compared to other coworkers. Third, the greater the difference in inequity, the greater tension and distress the individual feels. The different attitudes people prevail toward lifes unfairness in general brought about the trey kinds of equity-sensitive people namely the benevolents, the equity sensitives and the entitleds, with the benevolents being the most tolerant of underrewards, and the entitleds h aving the most preference of over-rewards. The equity sensitives just want their ratio to be the same with others, but the entitleds believe that the world owes them, so it is just rightful for them to receive more. Forth, the more intense feeling of tension brought about by inequity, the harder an individual will work to restore equity. This is just like how a more oppressed victim is more thirsty he is to seek justice, if not revenge. The ways in achieving equity varies from person to person. Upon experiencing the feeling of unfairness, the assumption of this theory is that employees will find ways to reduce inequity. The two most typic ways are through behavioral options and cognitive options, where the latter is apply more often employ since it is both less riskier and easier to do than the former. For behavioral options, the employees change their input to match outcomes like slacking off or leaving work early, changing outcomes to match input by asking for an increase, or p erpetrating a crime like theft or fraud, persuading others to change inputs by complaining to superiors, and withdrawal through tardiness, absenteeism or quitting the job. As for the cognitive options, the employee distorts his own inputs or outcomes by underestimating his own transaction so that the inputs will match the output distort the inputs or outcomes of others by thinking that others earn more because they probably deserve it change the comparison others by choosing a different benchmark for them to feel fracture. (Motivation theories, 2009) Applying this theory in the organization office place gives a clearer understanding as to why in general, government employeees are unmotivated and unhappy with their jobs. Perhaps they strike once tried to work dilligently, but only end up with having the sameacross-the-board incentive as fellow workers who do not work as hard as them. Hence, the Aquino administration came up with the exercise-based incentive brass to allow a fai r compensation to those who deserve to be rewarded. By altering the outcome through a action-based bonus, government employees try to match their performance to the amount of bonus they wish to receive. Motivation Theories. (2009, April 26).Why Do Employees Take More Initiatives to Improve Their motion After Co-developing doing Measures? A Field Study (Groen, Wouters & Wilderom, 2012)Usually, people work more conscientiously when their performances are being monitored, be it in school, at work, or even in playing games. Knowing how grades, scores or output are obtained operate of process an individuals goal setting and invoke the determination and committedness to achieve the said goal. What more if the employees themselves determine how they are to be rated? Having an sound judgment and first hand experience in developing performance meter criteria make employees not only feel valued, but also feel a sense of fairness because they know that the criteria they set are get-at -able and reasonable.Groen, Wouters and Wilderom (2012) conducted a field study to investigate why employees perform better when they are involved in developing peformance measures. The study used the theory of planned behavior, which states that beliefs predict how individuals behave or plan to behave. Gathering data from meetings, interviews, company information data, quantitative questionnaire and first-hand experience in the field in a beverage manufacturing company, bottling line employees were nominate to be more motivated, have more initiative, and more positively touch by social pinch when they were involved in developing performance measures. Thevariables examined in the study include attitude towards the job, social pressure from coworkers, capability from personal skills. All these variables were found to positively and significantly influence an employees intiative towards his job, thus increasing his productivity. The study showed that productivity and initative of the employees who were aware and had a say on performance amount criteria improved the departments overall performance. 7. Models of Performance-Measurement Use in Local Governments Understanding Budgeting, Communication, and immutable Effects (Melkers & Willoghby, 2005) Since performance measuring rod has been emphasized in various literatures, the enormousness of having them espouse and implement is no longer debatable. Performance measuring rod schemes help in understanding the strengths and weaknesses of the organization, and it also serves as an objective basis of plan the budget to be used to fund government projects. The study of Melkers and Willoghby (2005) pay close attention to the usefulness of performance-based information on the operations of the local anesthetic government in the US, communication, and budgetary decisions. The pervasiveness of performance measurement execution in the US was also studied through the results obtained from a national come off o f city and county administrators and budgeters of nearly 300 governments. Multiple regression analysis was implemented to find out whether dependent variables budget effects, communication effects and perpetual effects index were individually affected by independent variables familiarity characteristics, respondent characteristics, organizational culturea and performance measurement characteristics. The results showed that although the use of performance indicators was pervasive, the respondents were indifferent with regards to the effectiveness of these performance measurements for budgetary concerns and operational processes within the government unit.Promoting the engagement of Performance Measures in Public Organizations An Empirical Study of Factors Affecting acceptance and Implementation (Julnes & Holzner, 2001) It is true that performance measurements are vital for making certain decisions. Both public and private firms need to be guided on a set of parameters that help them determine where they have done well and what areas need improvement. If the government departments are seriousin improving their service to the public, then coming up with a set of criteria and implementing these evaluation criteria would be essential in determining where to start the change. Despite recognizing the importance of having performance measures, there are several issues that impede the development and usage of a performance measurement scheme. The empirical study by Julnes and Holzner (2001) examined the factors that hamper the exercising of performance measurement in public organizations in the US. A attempt of state and local government employees were drawn from the Government Financial Officers Association, multinational City/County Management Association of College and University Business Officers obtained from GASB. A total of 934 questionnaires were sent to state and local government employees across the nation in 1997. The variables used in the survey incl uded adoption and implementation for the dependent variable, and immaterial requirements, internal requirements, internal interest groups, extraneous interest groups, attitudes, risk taking, information, resources, goal orientation, percent unionized, government type and position. Using ordinary least straightforwardly mulitple-regression analyses, the results of the study revealed that output measures were developed for various plans, but efficiency measures and outcome measures were less developed. Looking at the performance measure usage, the researchers found out that efficiency and outcome measures were less used for strategic planning, resource allocation, program management, monitoring and evaluation, reporting to internal management, electec officials, citizens or media. Aside from these, the researchers findings showed that internal requirements, external requirements, goal orientation and access to information positively and significantly affect the adoption of performa nce measures, while external interest groups and internal requirements positively affect implementation of performance measures, but unionization negatively affect implementation. Overall, the policy of using performance measures would more likely be adopted if it were an internal requirement wherein top management commits to the effort of evaluating government programs. On the contrary, external requirement would not automatically merit the implementation of performance measures since factors such as organizations ability, politicians support, sufficient resources and commitment to the persona were lacking if not missing. The study suggests that public administrators be aware thatperformance measure is a two-step process namely adoption and implementation, wherein factors bear upon adoption include mostly rational and technocratic theory, while actual implementation are determined by political and cultural factors. (Julnes & Holzner, 2001)The Use of Performance Measurement System s in the Public Sector Effects on Performance (Spekle & Verbeeten, 2013) Performance measurement information are collected and used in various ways such as strategic planning, budgeting, and employee bonus planning. The extensive benefits of measuring performance outweighs the costs of collecting such data, which is why most government agencies have already instilled in their system a peformance measurement mechanism for reference. In the study of Spekle and Verbeeten (2013), the researchers explored whether the pefromance measurement system actually improves or deters organizational performance. They also introduced the concept of contractibility, which means clear goals, undistorted pefromance metrics, managers knowledge and control of the transformation process. Public sector organizations that have high contractibility were anticipate to be better than those organizations with low contractibilty in terms of performance. The test was done through a survey of 101 public sector o rganizations in the US. The results showed that contractibility influences the way incentive-oriented use of the performance measurement system and performance. More interestingly, the researchers reason out that usign the performance measurement system for incentive purposes negatively influences organizational performance, unless contractibility is high. ignore contractibility, performance measurement system tends to enhance performance. Hence, the effect of the performance measurement system in public sector organizations are greatly affected by the level of contractibility and managers usage of the system.Determinants of Incentive Intensity in Group-Based Rewards (Zenger & Marshall, 2000) make out Performance Indicators (KPIs) in the Public Sector A Study in Malaysia. Economic Incentives and the Choice of State Government Accounting Practices (Ingram, 1984)